Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Chapter 1. The Fundamentals
1.1 Electrical Fundamentals
1.2 Passive Components
1.3 DC Circuits
1.4 Alternating Voltage and Current
1.5 Circuit Simulation
1.6 Intuitive Circuit Design
1.7 Troubleshooting Basics
References
Chapter 2. The Semiconductor Diode
Reference
Chapter 3. Understanding Diodes and Their Problems
3.1 Speed Demons
3.2 Turn ’em off—turn ’em on…
3.3 Other Strange Things that Diodes Can Do to You…
3.4 Zener, Zener, Zener…
3.5 Diodes that Glow in the Dark, Efficiently
3.6 Optoisolators
3.6 Solar Cells
3.7 Assault and Battery
REFERENCES
Chapter 4. Bipolar Transistors
Reference
Chapter 5. Transistors Field-Effect
Reference
Chapter 6. Identifying and Avoiding Transistor Problems
6.1 More Beta—More Better?
6.2 Field-Effect Transistors
6.3 Power Transistors may Hog Current
6.4 Apply the 5-Second Rule
6.5 Fabrication Structures Make a Difference
6.6 Power-Circuit Design Requires Expertise
6.7 MOSFETs Avoid Secondary Breakdown
REFERENCES
Chapter 7. Digital Circuit Fundamentals
7.1 Digital Technology
REFERENCES
Chapter 8. Number Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Decimal–Unsigned Binary Conversion
8.3 Signed Binary Numbers
8.4 Gray Code
8.5 Binary-Coded Decimal
8.6 Octal-Binary Conversion
8.7 Hexadecimal-Binary Conversion
Chapter 9. Binary Data Manipulation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Logical Operations
9.3 Boolean Algebra
9.4 Combinational Logic Gates
9.5 Truth Tables
REFERENCES
Chapter 10. Combinational Logic Design
10.1 Introduction
10.2 NAND and NOR Logic
10.3 Karnaugh Maps
10.4 Don’t Care Conditions
REFERENCES
Chapter 11. Sequential Logic Design
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Level-Sensitive Latches and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops
11.3 The D-Latch and D-Type Flip-Flop
11.4 Counter Design
11.5 State Machine Design
11.6 Moore Versus Mealy State Machines
11.7 Shift Registers
11.8 Digital Scan Path
REFERENCES
Chapter 12. Memory
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Random Access Memory
12.3 Read-Only Memory
Chapter 13. Selecting a Design Route
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Discrete Implementation
13.3 Mask Programmable ASICs
13.4 Field-Programmable Logic
13.5 VHDL
13.6 Choosing a Design Route
Chapter 14. Designing with Logic ICs
14.1 Logic ICs
Chapter 15. Interfacing
15.1 Mixing Analog and Digital
15.2 Generating Digital Levels from Analog Inputs
15.3 Protection Against Externally Applied Overvoltages
15.4 Isolation
15.5 Classic Data Interface Standards
15.6 High Performance Data Interface Standards
Chapter 16. DSP and Digital Filters
16.1 Origins of Real-World Signals and Their Units of Measurement
16.2 Reasons for Processing Real-World Signals
16.3 Generation of Real-World Signals
16.4 Methods and Technologies Available for Processing Real-World Signals
16.5 Analog Versus Digital Signal Processing
16.6 A Practical Example
16.7 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
16.8 FIR Filter Implementation in DSP Hardware Using Circular Buffering
16.9 Designing FIR Filters
16.10 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters
16.11 IIR Filter Design Techniques
16.12 Multirate Filters
16.13 Adaptive Filters
References
Chapter 17. Dealing with High-Speed Logic
References on Dealing with High Speed Logic
Chapter 18. Bridging the Gap between Analog and Digital
18.1 Try to Measure Temperature Digitally
18.2 Road Blocks Abound
18.3 The Ultimate Key to Analog Success
18.4 How Analog and Digital Design Differ
18.5 Time and its Inversion
18.6 Organizing Your Toolbox
18.7 Set Your Foundation and Move On, Out of The Box
References
Chapter 19. Op-Amps
19.1 The Magical Mysterious Op-Amp
19.2 Understanding Op-Amp Parameters
19.3 Modeling Op-Amps
19.4 Finding the Perfect Op-Amp
References
Chapter 20. Analog-to-Digital Converters
20.1 ADCs
20.2 Types of ADCs
20.3 ADC Comparison
20.4 Sample and Hold
20.5 Real Parts
20.6 Microprocessor Interfacing
20.7 Clocked Interfaces
20.8 Serial Interfaces
20.9 Multichannel ADCs
20.10 Internal Microcontroller ADCs
20.11 Codecs
20.12 Interrupt Rates
20.13 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers
20.14 Design Checklist
Chapter 21. Sensors
21.1 Instrumentation and Control Systems
21.2 Transducers
21.3 Sensors
21.4 Switches
21.5 Semiconductor Temperature Sensors
21.6 Thermocouples
21.7 Threshold Detection
21.8 Outputs
21.9 LED Indicators
21.10 Driving High-Current Loads
21.11 Audible Outputs
21.12 Motors
21.13 Driving Mains Connected Loads
Chapter 22. Active Filters
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters
22.3 Low-Pass Filter Design
22.4 High-Pass Filter Design
22.5 Bandpass Filter Design
22.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design
22.7 All-Pass Filter Design
22.8 Practical Design Hints
22.9 Filter coefficient tables
References
Chapter 23. Radio-Frequency (RF) Circuits
23.1 Modulation of Radio Waves
23.2 Low-Power RF Amplifiers
23.3 Stability
23.4 Linearity
23.5 Noise and Dynamic Range
23.6 Impedances and Gain
23.7 Mixers
23.8 Demodulators
23.9 Oscillators
REFERENCES
Chapter 24. Signal Sources
24.1 Voltage References
24.2 NonsinusoidaI Waveform Generators
24.3 Sine Wave Generators
24.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators and Phase Detectors
REFERENCES
Chapter 25. EDA Design Tools for Analog and RF
25.1 The Old Pencil and Paper Design Process
25.2 Is Your Simulation Fundamentally Valid?
25.3 Macromodels: What Can They Do?
25.4 VHDL-AMS
References
Chapter 26. Useful Circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Boundary Conditions
26.3 Amplifiers
26.4 Computing Circuits
26.5 Oscillators
26.6 Some Favorite Circuits
References
Chapter 27. Programmable Logic to ASICs
27.1 Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)
27.2 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs)
27.3 Programmable Array Logic (PALs)
27.4 The Masked Gate Array ASIC
27.5 CPLDs and FPGAs
27.6 Summary
References
Chapter 28. Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)
28.1 CPLD Architectures
28.2 Function Blocks
28.3 I/O Blocks
28.4 Clock Drivers
28.5 Interconnect
28.6 CPLD Technology and Programmable Elements
28.7 Embedded Devices
28.8 Summary: CPLD Selection Criteria
References
Chapter 29. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
29.1 FPGA Architectures
29.2 Configurable Logic Blocks
29.3 Configurable I/O Blocks
29.4 Embedded Devices
29.5 Programmable Interconnect
29.6 Clock Circuitry
29.7 SRAM vs. Antifuse Programming
29.8 Emulating and prototyping ASICs
29.9 Summary
References
Chapter 30. Design Automation and Testing for FPGAs
30.1 Simulation
30.2 Libraries
30.3 Synthesis
30.4 Physical Design Flow
30.5 Place and Route
30.6 Timing Analysis
30.7 Design Pitfalls
30.8 VHDL Issues for FPGA Design
30.9 Summary
References
Chapter 31. Integrating Processors onto FPGAs
31.1 Introduction
31.2 A Simple Embedded Processor
31.3 Soft Core Processors on an FPGA
31.4 Summary
Chapter 32. Implementing Digital Filters in VHDL
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Converting S-Domain to Z-Domain
32.3 Implementing Z-Domain Functions in VHDL
32.4 Basic Low-Pass Filter Model
32.5 FIR Filters
32.6 IIR Filters
32.7 Summary
Chapter 33. Microprocessor and Microcontroller Overview
33.1 Microprocessor Systems
33.2 Single-Chip Microcomputers
33.3 Microcontrollers
33.4 Microprocessor systems
33.5 Data Types
33.6 Data Storage
33.7 The Microprocessor
33.8 Microprocessor Operation
33.9 A Microcontroller System
Chapter 34. Microcontroller Toolbox
34.1 Microcontroller Supply and Reference
34.2 Resistor Networks
34.3 Multiple Input Control
34.4 AC Control
34.5 Voltage Monitors and Supervisory Circuits
34.6 Driving Bipolar Transistors
34.7 Driving MOSFETs
34.8 Reading Negative Voltages
34.9 Example Control System
Chapter 35. Power Supply Overview and Specifications
35.1 Power Supplies
35.2 Specifications
35.3 Off-the-Shelf or Roll Your Own
Chapter 36. Input and Output Parameters
36.1 Voltage
36.2 Current
36.3 Fuses
36.4 Switch-on Surge, or Inrush Current
36.5 Waveform Distortion and Interference
36.6 Frequency
36.7 Efficiency
36.8 Deriving the Input Voltage from the Output
36.9 Low-Load Condition
36.10 Rectifier and Capacitor Selection
36.11 Load and Line Regulation
36.12 Ripple and Noise
36.13 Transient Response
Chapter 37. Batteries
37.1 Initial Considerations
37.2 Primary Cells
37.3 Secondary Cells
37.4 Charging
Chapter 38. Layout and Grounding for Analog and Digital Circuits
38.1 The Similarities of Analog and Digital Layout Practices
38.2 Where the Domains Differ—Ground Planes Can Be a Problem
38.3 Where the Board and Component Parasitics Can Do the Most Damage
38.4 Layout Techniques That Improve ADC Accuracy and Resolution
38.5 The Art of Laying Out Two-Layer Boards
38.6 Current Return Paths With or Without a Ground Plane
38.7 Layout Tricks for a 12-bit Sensing System
38.8 General Layout Guidelines—Device Placement
38.9 General Layout Guidelines—Ground and Power Supply Strategy
38.10 Signal Traces
38.11 Did I Say Bypass and Use an Anti-Aliasing Filter?
38.12 Bypass Capacitors
38.13 Anti-Aliasing Filters
38.14 PCB Design Checklist
References
Chapter 39. Safety
39.1 The Hazards of Electricity
39.2 Safety Classes
39.3 Insulation Types
39.4 Design Considerations for Safety Protection
39.5 Fire Hazard
Chapter 40. Design for Production
40.1 Checklist
40.2 The Dangers of ESD
Chapter 41. Testability
41.1 In-Circuit Testing
41.2 Functional Testing
41.3 Boundary Scan and JTAG
41.4 Design Techniques
Chapter 42. Reliability
42.1 Definitions
42.2 The Cost of Reliability
42.3 Design for Reliability
42.4 The Value of MTBF Figures
42.5 Design Faults
Chapter 43. Thermal Management
43.1 Using Thermal Resistance
43.2 Heatsinks
43.3 Power Semiconductor Mounting
43.4 Placement and Layout