Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements
Robert B. Northrop
- 3rd
- CRC 2014
- 921P
Measurement Systems
Introduction
Measurement System Architecture
Errors in Measurements
Standards Used in Measurements
Chapter Summary
Problems
Analog Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation
Introduction
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Analog Active Filter Applications Using Conventional Op-Amps
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing by Op-Amps and by Special
Function Modules
Charge Amplifiers
Phase-Sensitive Rectifiers
Chapter Summary
Problems
Noise and Coherent Interference in Measurements
Introduction
Descriptions of Random Noise in Circuits
Propagation of Gaussian Noise through Linear Filters
Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers
Spot Noise Factor and Figure
Transformer Optimization of Amplifier Fspot and Output SNR
Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers
Examples of Calculations of the Noise-Limited Resolution of Certain
Signal Conditioning Systems
Modern, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Use in Instrumentation
Signal-Conditioning Systems
Coherent Interference and Its Minimization
Chapter Summary
Problems
DC Null Methods of Measurement
Introduction
Wheatstone Bridge Analysis
Kelvin Bridge
Anderson Constant Current Loop
Potentiometers
Chapter Summary
Problems
AC Null Measurements
Introduction
Components: Inductor Equivalent Circuits
Components: Capacitor Equivalent Circuits
AC Operation of Wheatstone Bridges
AC Bridges
Chapter Summary
Problems
Survey of Sensor Mechanisms
Introduction
Categories of Sensor Mechanisms
Fiber-Optic Sensors
Photomultiplier Tubes and Related Photoelectron Multiplication Devices
Ionizing Radiation Sensors
Electrochemical Sensors
Mechano-Optical Sensors
Chapter Summary
Problems
Applications of Sensors to Physical Measurements
Introduction
Measurement of Angular Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement
Measurement of Linear Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement, and Position
Measurement of Force and Torque
Pressure Measurements
Introduction to Substance Detection and Measurement Using Photons
Other Means of Substance Detection
Temperature Measurements
Chapter Summary
Problems
Basic Electrical Measurements
Introduction
DC Voltage Measurements
Measurement of Static Electric Fields and the Potential of Charged Surfaces
DC Measurements
AC Voltage Measurements
AC Measurements
Magnetic Field Measurements
Phase Measurements
Measurements of Frequency and Period (Time)
Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance
Vector Impedance Meters
Chapter Summary
Problems
Digital Interfaces in Measurement Systems
Introduction
Sampling Theorem
Quantization Noise
Dithering
DACs
Hold Operation
ADCs
IEEE- Instrumentation Bus (GPIB)
Serial Data Communications Links
CAMAC (IEEE-) Modular Instrumentation Standard and the VXI
Modular Instrumentation Architecture
How Transmission Lines Affect the Transfer of Digital Data
Data Transmission on Fiber-Optic Cables
Virtual Instruments
Chapter Summary
Problems
Introduction to Digital Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation
Introduction
Digital Filters and the z-Transform
Some Simple DSP Algorithms
Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms and Their Applications
Digital Routines for Interpolating Discrete Data
Chapter Summary
Problems
Solid-State Chemical Microsensors and Wireless Instrumentation
Introduction
Chemical Microsensor Designs
Electronic Noses
Radio ICs for Wireless Data Transmission
Wireless Patient Monitoring Systems
Power Sources for Wireless Sensors, Effectors, and WDX
Absorbable Electronic Circuit Implants
Chapter Summary
Problems
Introduction to Mechanical Microsensors
Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems
MEM Accelerometer and Pressure Sensor ICs
MEM Rate Gyros
Cantilever-Like MEMS and NEMS and Their Applications
Chapter Summary
Problems
Examples of the Design of Measurement Systems
Introduction
Self-Nulling, Microdegree Resolution Polarimeter to Measure Glucose in Bioreactors
Design of a System to Detect, Measure, and Locate Partial Discharges in High-Voltage Coaxial Power Cables
Design of a Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, Pulsed Laser Ranging System and Velocimeter
Design of Capacitive Sensors for the Detection of Hidden Objects
This edition includes material on modern integrated circuit (IC) and photonic sensors, micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) and nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) sensors, chemical and radiation sensors, signal conditioning, noise, data interfaces, and basic digital signal processing (DSP), and upgrades every chapter with the latest advancements. It contains new material on the designs of micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) sensors, adds two new chapters on wireless instrumentation and microsensors, and incorporates extensive biomedical examples and problems.