Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Claus Borgnakke, Richard E. Sonntag, Souvik Bhattacharyya, Dr. Manoj Kumar Soni
- 10
- New Delhi: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, 2024.
- xxiv, 771p
1 Introduction and Preliminaries 1.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume 1.2 Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Points of View 1.3 Properties and State of a Substance 1.4 Processes and Cycles 1.5 Units for Mass, Length, Time, and Force 1.6 Specific Volume and Density 1.7 Pressure 1.8 Energy 1.9 Equality of Temperature 1.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1.11 Temperature Scales 1.12 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 2 Properties of a Pure Substance 2.1 The Pure Substance 2.2 The Phase Boundaries 2.3 The P–v–T Surface 2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 2.5 The Two-Phase States 2.6 The Liquid and Solid States 2.7 The Superheated Vapor States 2.8 The Ideal Gas States 2.9 The Compressibility Factor 2.10 Equations of State 2.11 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 3 Energy Equation and First Law of Thermodynamics 3.1 Definition of Work 3.2 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System 3.3 Other Systems that Involve Work 3.4 Concluding Remarks Regarding Work 3.5 Definition of Heat 3.6 Heat Transfer Modes 3.7 Comparison of Heat and Work 3.8 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass 3.9 Internal Energy—A Thermodynamic Property 3.10 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique 3.11 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy 3.12 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats 3.13 The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases 3.14 Nonuniform Distribution of States and Mass 3.15 The Transient Heat Transfer Process 3.16 The First Law as a Rate Equation 3.17 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 4 Energy Analysis for a Control Volume 4.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume 4.2 The Energy Equation for a Control Volume 4.3 The Steady-State Process 4.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes 4.5 Multiple-Flow Devices 4.6 The Transient Flow Process 4.7 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.1 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pump 5.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.3 The Reversible Process 5.4 Factors that Render Processes Irreversible 5.5 The Carnot Cycle 5.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle 5.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 5.8 The Ideal Gas Temperature Scale 5.9 Ideal Versus Real Machines 5.10 The Inequality of Clausius 5.11 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 6 Entropy 6.1 Entropy—A Property of a System 6.2 The Entropy of a Pure Substance 6.3 Entropy Change in Reversible Processes 6.4 The Thermodynamic Property Relation 6.5 Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid 6.6 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas 6.7 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas 6.8 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process 6.9 Entropy Balance Equation for a Closed System 6.10 Principle of the Increase of Entropy 6.11 Entropy Balance Equation in a Rate Form 6.12 Some General Comments About Entropy and Chaos Summary Problems 7 Entropy Analysis for a Control Volume 7.1 The Entropy Balance Equation for a Control Volume 7.2 The Steady-State Process and the Transient Process 7.3 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process 7.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy 7.5 Engineering Applications; Energy Conservation and Device Efficiency Summary Problems 8 Exergy 8.1 Reversible Work, and Irreversibility 8.2 Exergy 8.3 Exergy Balance Equation 8.4 The Second-Law Efficiency 8.5 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 9 Gas Power and Refrigeration Systems 9.1 Introduction to Power Systems 9.2 Air-Standard Power Cycles 9.3 The Stirling Cycle and the Ericsson Cycle 9.4 Reciprocating Engine Power Cycles 9.5 The Otto Cycle 9.6 The Diesel Cycle 9.7 The Dual Cycle 9.8 The Atkinson and Miller Cycles 9.9 The Brayton Cycle 9.10 The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle with a Regenerator 9.11 Gas-Turbine Power Cycle Configurations 9.12 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion 9.13 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems 9.14 The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle Summary Problems 10 Vapor Power and Refrigeration Systems 10.1 The Simple Rankine Cycle 10.2 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle 10.3 The Reheat Cycle 10.4 The Regenerative Cycle and Feedwater Heaters 10.5 Deviation of Actual Cycles from Ideal Cycles 10.6 Combined Heat and Power: Other Configurations 10.7 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 10.8 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 10.9 Deviation of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle 10.10 Refrigeration Cycle Configurations 10.11 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 10.12 Exergy Analysis of Cycles 10.13 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems Summary Problems 11 Gas Mixtures 11.1 General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases 11.2 A Simplified Model of a Mixture Involving Gases and a Vapor 11.3 The Energy Equation Applied to Gas–Vapor Mixtures 11.4 The Adiabatic Saturation Process 11.5 Engineering Applications—Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures and the Psychrometric Chart Summary Problems 12 Thermodynamic Relations 12.1 The Clapeyron Equation 12.2 Mathematical Relations for a Homogeneous Phase 12.3 The Maxwell Relations 12.4 Thermodynamic Relations Involving Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy 12.5 Volume Expansivity and Isothermal and Adiabatic Compressibility 12.6 Real-Gas Behavior and Equations of State 12.7 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Enthalpy at Constant Temperature 12.8 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Entropy at Constant Temperature 12.9 The Property Relation for Mixtures 12.10 Pseudopure Substance Models for Real Gas Mixtures 12.11 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 13 Chemical Reactions 13.1 Fuels 13.2 The Combustion Process 13.3 Enthalpy of Formation 13.4 Energy Analysis of Reacting Systems 13.5 Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Combustion; Heating Value 13.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 13.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy 13.8 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 13.9 Fuel Cells 13.10 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 14 Introduction to Phase and Chemical Equilibrium 14.1 Requirements for Equilibrium 14.2 Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Pure Substance 14.3 Metastable Equilibrium 14.4 Chemical Equilibrium 14.5 Simultaneous Reactions 14.6 Coal Gasification 14.7 Ionization 14.8 Engineering Applications Summary Problems 15 Compressible Flow 15.1 Stagnation Properties 15.2 The Momentum Equation for a Control Volume 15.3 Adiabatic, One-Dimensional, Steady-State Flow of an Incompressible Fluid through a Nozzle 15.4 Velocity of Sound in an Ideal Gas 15.5 Reversible, Adiabatic, One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas Through a Nozzle 15.6 Mass-Flow Rate of an Ideal Gas Through an Isentropic Nozzle 15.7 Normal Shock in an Ideal Gas Flowing Through a Nozzle 15.8 Nozzle and Diffuser Coefficients Summary Problems Appendix A SI Units: Single-State Properties Appendix B SI Units: Thermodynamic Tables Appendix C Ideal Gas Specific Heat C.1 Monatomic Gases (Inert Gases Ar, He, Ne, Xe, Kr; Also N, O, H, Cl, F, …) C.2 Diatomic and Linear Polyatomic Gases (N2, O2, CO, OH, …, CO2, N2O, …) C.3 Nonlinear Polyatomic Molecules (H2O, NH3, CH4, C2H6, …) Appendix D Equations of State Appendix E Figures Appendix F Multiple-Choice Questions
Borgnakke's Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics offers an in-depth introduction to essential principles of thermodynamics with a focus on their practical applications across a variety of engineering fields. It lays the foundation for subsequent studies in such fields as fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and statistical thermodynamics. The Tenth Edition of the book retains its characteristic rigor and systematic approach to thermodynamics with enhanced pedagogical features that aid in student comprehension.