Circuit Design: Know It All
Darren Ashby, Bonnie Baker, Ian Hickman, Walt Kester, Robert Pease, Tim Williams, Bob Zeidman
- Newnes April 2011
- 1228
Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Page About the Authors Chapter 1. The Fundamentals 1.1 Electrical Fundamentals 1.2 Passive Components 1.3 DC Circuits 1.4 Alternating Voltage and Current 1.5 Circuit Simulation 1.6 Intuitive Circuit Design 1.7 Troubleshooting Basics References Chapter 2. The Semiconductor Diode Reference Chapter 3. Understanding Diodes and Their Problems 3.1 Speed Demons 3.2 Turn ’em off—turn ’em on… 3.3 Other Strange Things that Diodes Can Do to You… 3.4 Zener, Zener, Zener… 3.5 Diodes that Glow in the Dark, Efficiently 3.6 Optoisolators 3.6 Solar Cells 3.7 Assault and Battery REFERENCES Chapter 4. Bipolar Transistors Reference Chapter 5. Transistors Field-Effect Reference Chapter 6. Identifying and Avoiding Transistor Problems 6.1 More Beta—More Better? 6.2 Field-Effect Transistors 6.3 Power Transistors may Hog Current 6.4 Apply the 5-Second Rule 6.5 Fabrication Structures Make a Difference 6.6 Power-Circuit Design Requires Expertise 6.7 MOSFETs Avoid Secondary Breakdown REFERENCES Chapter 7. Digital Circuit Fundamentals 7.1 Digital Technology REFERENCES Chapter 8. Number Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Decimal–Unsigned Binary Conversion 8.3 Signed Binary Numbers 8.4 Gray Code 8.5 Binary-Coded Decimal 8.6 Octal-Binary Conversion 8.7 Hexadecimal-Binary Conversion Chapter 9. Binary Data Manipulation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Logical Operations 9.3 Boolean Algebra 9.4 Combinational Logic Gates 9.5 Truth Tables REFERENCES Chapter 10. Combinational Logic Design 10.1 Introduction 10.2 NAND and NOR Logic 10.3 Karnaugh Maps 10.4 Don’t Care Conditions REFERENCES Chapter 11. Sequential Logic Design 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Level-Sensitive Latches and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 11.3 The D-Latch and D-Type Flip-Flop 11.4 Counter Design 11.5 State Machine Design 11.6 Moore Versus Mealy State Machines 11.7 Shift Registers 11.8 Digital Scan Path REFERENCES Chapter 12. Memory 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Random Access Memory 12.3 Read-Only Memory Chapter 13. Selecting a Design Route 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Discrete Implementation 13.3 Mask Programmable ASICs 13.4 Field-Programmable Logic 13.5 VHDL 13.6 Choosing a Design Route Chapter 14. Designing with Logic ICs 14.1 Logic ICs Chapter 15. Interfacing 15.1 Mixing Analog and Digital 15.2 Generating Digital Levels from Analog Inputs 15.3 Protection Against Externally Applied Overvoltages 15.4 Isolation 15.5 Classic Data Interface Standards 15.6 High Performance Data Interface Standards Chapter 16. DSP and Digital Filters 16.1 Origins of Real-World Signals and Their Units of Measurement 16.2 Reasons for Processing Real-World Signals 16.3 Generation of Real-World Signals 16.4 Methods and Technologies Available for Processing Real-World Signals 16.5 Analog Versus Digital Signal Processing 16.6 A Practical Example 16.7 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters 16.8 FIR Filter Implementation in DSP Hardware Using Circular Buffering 16.9 Designing FIR Filters 16.10 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters 16.11 IIR Filter Design Techniques 16.12 Multirate Filters 16.13 Adaptive Filters References Chapter 17. Dealing with High-Speed Logic References on Dealing with High Speed Logic Chapter 18. Bridging the Gap between Analog and Digital 18.1 Try to Measure Temperature Digitally 18.2 Road Blocks Abound 18.3 The Ultimate Key to Analog Success 18.4 How Analog and Digital Design Differ 18.5 Time and its Inversion 18.6 Organizing Your Toolbox 18.7 Set Your Foundation and Move On, Out of The Box References Chapter 19. Op-Amps 19.1 The Magical Mysterious Op-Amp 19.2 Understanding Op-Amp Parameters 19.3 Modeling Op-Amps 19.4 Finding the Perfect Op-Amp References Chapter 20. Analog-to-Digital Converters 20.1 ADCs 20.2 Types of ADCs 20.3 ADC Comparison 20.4 Sample and Hold 20.5 Real Parts 20.6 Microprocessor Interfacing 20.7 Clocked Interfaces 20.8 Serial Interfaces 20.9 Multichannel ADCs 20.10 Internal Microcontroller ADCs 20.11 Codecs 20.12 Interrupt Rates 20.13 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 20.14 Design Checklist Chapter 21. Sensors 21.1 Instrumentation and Control Systems 21.2 Transducers 21.3 Sensors 21.4 Switches 21.5 Semiconductor Temperature Sensors 21.6 Thermocouples 21.7 Threshold Detection 21.8 Outputs 21.9 LED Indicators 21.10 Driving High-Current Loads 21.11 Audible Outputs 21.12 Motors 21.13 Driving Mains Connected Loads Chapter 22. Active Filters 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 22.3 Low-Pass Filter Design 22.4 High-Pass Filter Design 22.5 Bandpass Filter Design 22.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design 22.7 All-Pass Filter Design 22.8 Practical Design Hints 22.9 Filter coefficient tables References Chapter 23. Radio-Frequency (RF) Circuits 23.1 Modulation of Radio Waves 23.2 Low-Power RF Amplifiers 23.3 Stability 23.4 Linearity 23.5 Noise and Dynamic Range 23.6 Impedances and Gain 23.7 Mixers 23.8 Demodulators 23.9 Oscillators REFERENCES Chapter 24. Signal Sources 24.1 Voltage References 24.2 NonsinusoidaI Waveform Generators 24.3 Sine Wave Generators 24.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators and Phase Detectors REFERENCES Chapter 25. EDA Design Tools for Analog and RF 25.1 The Old Pencil and Paper Design Process 25.2 Is Your Simulation Fundamentally Valid? 25.3 Macromodels: What Can They Do? 25.4 VHDL-AMS References Chapter 26. Useful Circuits 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Boundary Conditions 26.3 Amplifiers 26.4 Computing Circuits 26.5 Oscillators 26.6 Some Favorite Circuits References Chapter 27. Programmable Logic to ASICs 27.1 Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM) 27.2 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) 27.3 Programmable Array Logic (PALs) 27.4 The Masked Gate Array ASIC 27.5 CPLDs and FPGAs 27.6 Summary References Chapter 28. Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) 28.1 CPLD Architectures 28.2 Function Blocks 28.3 I/O Blocks 28.4 Clock Drivers 28.5 Interconnect 28.6 CPLD Technology and Programmable Elements 28.7 Embedded Devices 28.8 Summary: CPLD Selection Criteria References Chapter 29. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) 29.1 FPGA Architectures 29.2 Configurable Logic Blocks 29.3 Configurable I/O Blocks 29.4 Embedded Devices 29.5 Programmable Interconnect 29.6 Clock Circuitry 29.7 SRAM vs. Antifuse Programming 29.8 Emulating and prototyping ASICs 29.9 Summary References Chapter 30. Design Automation and Testing for FPGAs 30.1 Simulation 30.2 Libraries 30.3 Synthesis 30.4 Physical Design Flow 30.5 Place and Route 30.6 Timing Analysis 30.7 Design Pitfalls 30.8 VHDL Issues for FPGA Design 30.9 Summary References Chapter 31. Integrating Processors onto FPGAs 31.1 Introduction 31.2 A Simple Embedded Processor 31.3 Soft Core Processors on an FPGA 31.4 Summary Chapter 32. Implementing Digital Filters in VHDL 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Converting S-Domain to Z-Domain 32.3 Implementing Z-Domain Functions in VHDL 32.4 Basic Low-Pass Filter Model 32.5 FIR Filters 32.6 IIR Filters 32.7 Summary Chapter 33. Microprocessor and Microcontroller Overview 33.1 Microprocessor Systems 33.2 Single-Chip Microcomputers 33.3 Microcontrollers 33.4 Microprocessor systems 33.5 Data Types 33.6 Data Storage 33.7 The Microprocessor 33.8 Microprocessor Operation 33.9 A Microcontroller System Chapter 34. Microcontroller Toolbox 34.1 Microcontroller Supply and Reference 34.2 Resistor Networks 34.3 Multiple Input Control 34.4 AC Control 34.5 Voltage Monitors and Supervisory Circuits 34.6 Driving Bipolar Transistors 34.7 Driving MOSFETs 34.8 Reading Negative Voltages 34.9 Example Control System Chapter 35. Power Supply Overview and Specifications 35.1 Power Supplies 35.2 Specifications 35.3 Off-the-Shelf or Roll Your Own Chapter 36. Input and Output Parameters 36.1 Voltage 36.2 Current 36.3 Fuses 36.4 Switch-on Surge, or Inrush Current 36.5 Waveform Distortion and Interference 36.6 Frequency 36.7 Efficiency 36.8 Deriving the Input Voltage from the Output 36.9 Low-Load Condition 36.10 Rectifier and Capacitor Selection 36.11 Load and Line Regulation 36.12 Ripple and Noise 36.13 Transient Response Chapter 37. Batteries 37.1 Initial Considerations 37.2 Primary Cells 37.3 Secondary Cells 37.4 Charging Chapter 38. Layout and Grounding for Analog and Digital Circuits 38.1 The Similarities of Analog and Digital Layout Practices 38.2 Where the Domains Differ—Ground Planes Can Be a Problem 38.3 Where the Board and Component Parasitics Can Do the Most Damage 38.4 Layout Techniques That Improve ADC Accuracy and Resolution 38.5 The Art of Laying Out Two-Layer Boards 38.6 Current Return Paths With or Without a Ground Plane 38.7 Layout Tricks for a 12-bit Sensing System 38.8 General Layout Guidelines—Device Placement 38.9 General Layout Guidelines—Ground and Power Supply Strategy 38.10 Signal Traces 38.11 Did I Say Bypass and Use an Anti-Aliasing Filter? 38.12 Bypass Capacitors 38.13 Anti-Aliasing Filters 38.14 PCB Design Checklist References Chapter 39. Safety 39.1 The Hazards of Electricity 39.2 Safety Classes 39.3 Insulation Types 39.4 Design Considerations for Safety Protection 39.5 Fire Hazard Chapter 40. Design for Production 40.1 Checklist 40.2 The Dangers of ESD Chapter 41. Testability 41.1 In-Circuit Testing 41.2 Functional Testing 41.3 Boundary Scan and JTAG 41.4 Design Techniques Chapter 42. Reliability 42.1 Definitions 42.2 The Cost of Reliability 42.3 Design for Reliability 42.4 The Value of MTBF Figures 42.5 Design Faults Chapter 43. Thermal Management 43.1 Using Thermal Resistance 43.2 Heatsinks 43.3 Power Semiconductor Mounting 43.4 Placement and Layout